The mining bit seems explanatory enough, as do the population thingies, but I can't make heads or tails of the last 4 lines of the left side, and the entire right side of the first screen cap.
The last four lines on the left side: The requested/actual protection level signifies how much protection the population feels they need. Ships and planetary defense centers count towards this. If the population doesn't have as much protection as it wants, unrest will occur. The homeworld is exempt from this though, it only applies to offworld colonies.
The tectonics just describes the geological/volcanic activity of the planet though I believe it has something to do with how hard minerals are to mine as well.
The last line about the geological team just tells me if a geology team has surveyed the planet in detail.
On the right side:
Military Academy and Deep Space Tracking Station tells me how many of those facilities exist on the planet. Military academies train your officers and crewmen, so you get more each year when you build more academies. Deep space tracking stations act as planetary sensors and can detect targets like ship-based sensors. The sensor strength and number of stations determines their range.
Maintenance facilities allow ships up to that size to to stay in orbit without suffering maintenance failures.
Shipyards/slipways just shows how many shipyards and total slipways we have at Earth, we started with 1 yard. Each yard can have multiple slipways so that it can build more than one ship at once.
Because I started as a conventional empire we didn't start with any of the new facilities, so instead we have 12000 'conventional industry' which is old style factories and production facilities which we'll eventually have to convert into the much more efficient new facilities. Conventional industry counts as mines, construction factories, ordinance factories, etc but is not very good at any of those roles.
Research labs is how many labs we have available, 60 lab complexes are equipped to do trans-newtonian research on Earth.
Ground force training facilities is how many facilities we have in place for training new ground units.
Fuel available is zero because we haven't started refining fuel for TN engines. Fuel is refined from Sorium, one of the TN elements, and is used in all TN drives.
Maintenance supplies lists how much supplies we have available to top off ships when they resupply at earth. Maintenance supplies are a catch-all 'spare parts' used to fix things which break while a ship is out in space.
Thermal/EM signature of the colony shows how easy/hard it would be for a sensor system to detect the colony on this planet (not very hard for 6 billion people!)
The rest of the stuff, the last 5 lines on the right, are only useful if you're playing a race other than human or if possibly if you capture an alien colony. It shows the modifiers that the race of this colony has to those factors. 100% = human normal.
