Use blocks instead, it vastly speeds things up, no wheelbarrows needed. A stone can be turned into 4 blocks at a Mason's shop (use (d)etails to specify which stone you want to make into blocks, if that matters to you). Then when you construct a wall or whatever, specify the stone blocks. They're immensely easier/faster for the dwarves to carry. To make things go even faster, pre-position a block stockpile near the construction area. Blocks can be stacked in bins. Blocks are so much easier to use that when I designate an area to mine, I immediately plop down a couple Mason workshops right there in the mine, and put "Construct stone block" on repeat. You may need to add Mason to the labors of a few more dwarves to make this work efficiently (I have a separate Mason workshop, set to be used only by my best mason, for furniture and the like).
If you want to use stones, then I find the quickest method is to pre-position a Stone stockpile very close to the construction. The problem with wheelbarrows is that while they are immensely faster, a stockpile will only be "worked" by one dwarf per wheelbarrow. A stockpile with no wheelbarrows will be worked by as many dwarves are available - so if you have the manpower, it's sometimes faster to have 30 dwarves stumbling under the load of 30 stones, than it is to have 3 dwarves zipping around with 3 wheelbarrows.