Well a sideways cross section would look like this for the basic set-up:
XXX#XXX
_^_
XX___XX
^ = plate, # = water source held back by a hatch
_ = floor hatch, ___ = bridge (for clearing)
Further along the tunnel you need some drainage grates or something to clear excess water.
once on the plate, the hatches open and water buffets the creature. Swimming ability shouldn't help them. They just get dislodged before they have time to do anything. When they're dislodged, they fall into the hole, then the hatches close. So there's no "climbing out" going on.
I never had a problem with flow. The flow continues until the creature is no longer on the plate, then the hatches close. You just want to make sure there's good pressure. The 3x1 cavity below the hatches quickly fills with 7/7 water and all the excess goes sideways. That doesn't stop 100% of enemies going into the holes however. Not sure about how flying enemies would go though.
building destroyers don't target a closed hatch if they can walk over it. So they'd only target the hatches once it opens. But they get dislodged before being able to do that, and once in the hole, they have hatches above them and a bridge below them. I don't think they're allowed to target either one.
As to what else you connect to this basic design, well that's down to imagination. But it's very effective and completely automated. Obviously you need countermeasures for FBs, but you'd need that with cage traps anyway.
One idea would be to have multiple levels of bridges underneath the bottom trap. e.g. top level is drowning, then they drop to a drying level. Under that, a drainable magma level. So you have near-automated capture, death and disposal, with cleaning of goblinite.