They can't do that. The design does not include enough fuel to move away and turn around to have a sufficient run up.
You could do a wide slingshot around one of the Gas Giants and have a decent space between you and Earth to accelerate in. Maybe not enough to hit max speed, but enough to accelerate to a speed that we do not want anything hitting Earth at.
Besides, we're going to keep track of where these ships are(no stealth in space) and can easily intercept them. A flake of paint is enough to destroy a ship at those speeds, a shrapnel bomb would be impossible to evade and guarantee interception.
The question is whether or not we can mount such a defense against a surprise RKV attack in time. Blowing it up just outside Earth's atmosphere while all the parts are still moving at .1c would do us little good, for example. It would have to be intercepted quickly enough that Earth is missed entirely.
Besides, if we wanted to destroy all surface live we can already do that.
Right, but it would take multiple devices. No one nuke is capable of totally destroying the human race. There is a possibility that a nuclear weapon could be used without proceeding to MAD, but an RKV will have by definition doomed all humanity barring any offworld colonies.
Also, the kinetic energy of a 50 kg 0.1 c impact would be more or less comparable to the Tsar bomba. Destructive, but not the end of Earth.
Project Orion's design called for a 4000 ton ship, which would be 3,628,740 kg, or 72,574.8 Tsar Bombas impacting Earth's crust at a single point if traveling at .1c (going by your figures). As the original Tsar Bomba had it's yield halved over legitimate fears that it could blast a hole through to the mantle, I rescind my previous claim that it would just destroy the surface and am now predicting that such a force would risk compromising Earth's structural integrity. Regardless of whether it does or not however, the entire atmosphere has been blown off and humanity is extinct.