I think it's time to at least start laying the groundwork for a wiki page on what does & doesn't get charged. (There are a few surprises; the mass-Treason and Theft are what got my attention.) Here's what I know, no particular order:
Treason: Break into an Armory (either the MilBase or the Nuclear Plant), Any attempt to hack the IntHQ Supercomputer, Use Secret Documents or the Intel Data Disk for a Special Edition (charges everyone at the same location as a Printing Press)
Terrorism: Mess with the On/Off Switch at the Nuclear Plant.
Murder: Kill someone outside an LCS or CCS safehouse (including car chases after raiding a CCS safehouse); self-defense presumably comes in as part of the trial.
Flag Murder: Use the P button when you have a Flag under siege during C+ Flag Burning; attaches to everyone present. (My squad tends to get a lot of these as part of resisting the Firemen. "There is but one thing that will burn here today. And That Is THIS!" <lights flag>)
Escaping Prison: be sprung by a fellow LCS member after arrest/conviction. Chances are, you didn't actually walk out of there under your own power, but that doesn't affect anything.
Releasing Prisoners: Any attempt to open cells, whether successful or not. (Releasing Oppressed after successfully opening the cells sets off the Conservatives Alarmed, but opening the cells draws the charge.)
Theft: Any attempt to crack a safe, or being caught grabbing a miscellaneous object during a site action. Stealth and the political leanings of whoever saw you seem to affect the result (alarm/charge-attachment). Safe-cracking attaches to everyone, but grabbing an item seems to only go for the first person in the squad.
Resisting Arrest: Not submitting to police when they catch an Activated Liberal. Probably attaches for fighting police during a site action, but I haven't tried that yet.
Assault: Use Martial Arts on someone outside a safehouse, and don't kill them.
Aggravated Assault: Use a weapon on someone outside a safehouse, and don't kill them.
Kidnapping: Take a hostage on-site, fail to date-nap, or take too long converting someone you date-napped. Current release/compiled version gives this for tripping security on some of the new Hacking results; it's a bug that's been fixed in the code but not yet released in a pre-compiled version.
Rehabilitation: Not a charge per se, but will attach to someone who lasted long enough under Interrogation to be missed.
Harmful Speech: Write for the Liberal Guardian under C+ Free Speech. Surprisingly high-powered--worse than Escaping Prison.
Drug Dealing: Get police attention whilst selling brownies. Attaches even if you successfully flee; probably if you kill the cops too (but then you've got Murder).
Vandalism: Spray a tag on-site (one per tag; these add up and are the reason tagging-for-Juice isn't perfect) or be caught Making Graffiti. The latter is a good way to rack up Resisting Arrest charges if you run.
Breaking and Entering: Kick in a door. Crowbar probably qualifies too.
Jury Tampering: Fail to quite convince a deliberating jury. (Working the room like in 12 Angry Men includes the jury not telling people about your assistance.)
Disturbing the Peace: Take over a broadcast studio; possibly some of the Liberal Disobedience. Surprisingly low-level in comparison to Harmful Speech, so far as I can tell.
Hacking/Electronic Sabotage: Trip security when Hacking Networks. Not sure what, if any, difference exists between the two. Hacking the IntHQ Supercomputer is Treason, but causing a scare by breaking into CIA networks is Hacking. [This is only fair, IMO, because there's no way for the player to micromanage xyr Hackers away from the CIA networks, and Treason is a lot worse than Hacking.]
Credit Card Fraud: Trip security when doing Credit Card Fraud.
Feel free to add and/or comment.