Education?
Suffers from systemic problems, yes, but I honestly see spending the money directly on education doing less to inspire students to go into productive science careers than a moon base. In fact, wasn't the whole space race thing a huge boon for education? It captured people's minds, and suddenly education became a national priority because we had some real scientific, technological goal to look forward to together, as a society.
PLUS we get a moon base.
Thus, I think the moon base is a better investment.
Bringing down the national debt?
Not quite seeing how this is better than a moon base. Sure, it would be nice if it happened, but not only is it not gonna, but shit - do you know HOW MANY moon bases we could buy with the amount of money it would take to pay that down? Probably some asteroid bases and even a mars base too. Sorry, dollar for dollar, moon base wins. (Mostly because that's a lot of dollars)
Furthering science and knowledge?
Nothing furthers knowledge and science more than getting our culture to look up and think about knowledge and science. And nothing has proven more effective at doing that than expanding the frontiers of space, filling them with a sense of awe, wonder, and a real feeling of possibility. And there's not much that can do that quite as well as a moon base. (Especially if we taunt China about how we're going to build a moon base, and they decide to try for it too. Progress, ho!)
Sustainable power, water, and food?
I'm not sure what you mean by this. But I feel that whatever you mean, exactly, the research poured into a moon base could only help.
Sorry, dude - Moon Base wins.