My style has evolved due to the lessons I've learned via play.
I generally build vertically, with different floors devoted to different tasks. I have underground agriculture on the top level, a storehouse level / workshop level, and then a life/non-activity level below that. I try to keep that central dining room/meeting place as close to the primary food store as possible to have a accurate depiction of idling dwarves.
My hallways tended at first to be three lanes wide, but I am moving to two lane to prevent collisions and speed up fortress dig times.
My storerooms are generally huge wide areas, with the very first one being an 'all items accepted' custom room. This is because my style is to get underground as quickly as possible, moving away from the wagons. Later, I separate stockpiles into a handful of small categories, but honestly I've given up on the time it games to build a massive series of separate stockpiles for each type. It just takes too long and I have to get underground before the invasions start after the first year.
Workrooms are generally large rooms that contain four of the same type of workroom, with doors. Also, I tend to separate out fisheries, kitchens, and butchery shops into very tight separate rooms in case something doesn't get collected and miasma starts.
I generally go for a collective side bedroom. With economies turned off, coin unusable, it doesn't make sense to spend all the time digging and customing individual dwarves apartments. I am usually in a race against time to get established, and my fortresses are streamlined to the effect of preparing for the first invasions that happen ridiculously early. I'm not much of a RTS player, so I find the game very difficult to organize, and I'd rather let the game run while I look at my fortress and make tweaks.
My latest problem is trying to build an efficient textile industry, since I can't seem to process the plants I want (cave wheat and pig tails get confused, rotting happens a lot, the whole system is dependent on bags but I run out of bags and cannot make more because the system is clogged).
My priorities on outset:
1) Dig farms
2) Drop a giant stockpile
3) Move off surface
4) Start digging straight down for magma, avoiding cavern layers by tunneling through solid rock and never breaching the cavern, simultaneously while setting up workshops
5) Massive amounts of farming and pot creation
6) Begin supporting other industries than plump helmet production, starting with magma forges and smelters attempting to build weapons as fast as possible, all migrants forced into military to attempt to prepare for the invasions.