Regarding terrible MSpaint concept art and basebuilding/resources:
First off, the space program started out with just the VAB and the Launchpad. Here we see an advanced program center with an airstrip and hangar, a research center, a training building, the tracking center, and finally, right next to the research center, the Industrial Compex. The IC does a number of things; it mines minerals from the planet, it builds new parts, and it recycles old crafts. In sandbox mode, it doesn't do much. In career, all of the parts you use to build ships either need to be bought (Which can only be done on Kerbin, since most contractors don't have rockets), or manufactured from materials in an Industrial Complex. All of these structures are purchased and placed on the empty fields. If you are starting a new base, you might use a special part from a rocket to deploy a new command center. You don't need to go to other planets, though. You could start a polar Kerbin research base or one high in the mountains...
Here is our new Munbase. It's much smaller, but still has a VAB and Launchpad, plus a tracking center (this might just be a shortcut to make it easier to switch focus, or it might have practical use, such as to decrease light-speed lag). Right now, this Munbase can't mine or make anything; if we want to launch rockets, we need to use a cargo rocket to bring the parts here. (You can see how many parts you have in storage while building in the Munar VAB, or get an overview in the control building). Luckily, we just found a deposit of Trytanium ore a few km away from the Munbase, using a mapping satellite. If we send a rover or rocket out there, we can do some prospecting. Once we've found the seam and taken a sample back to base, we can start a mining program. First we'll need to build a Munar Industrial Complex, but then the technicians there will take care of all the details. In fact, if we find very valuable ore, we can fly it back to Kerbin and sell it for cash! Some facilities can only be built on Kerbin- the training center, for instance. Others might only work on some planets, such as a Low-G Workshop or a Lathe Biodome.