Quick question; what's the most fuel efficient way to get into orbit? What I've been doing is shooting straight upwards until I'm out of the atmosphere, then prograding when I get to the periapsis. It seems to guzzle a ton of fuel and the periapsis quickly moves away...
I can't find relevant challenge thread in KSP forums for a video and discussion on the topic, I'll just post my way witch is close within 1% of record lowest fuel used to orbit.
1. burn at max thrust (make a craft with take-off thrust to weigh ratio at around 1.3)
2. lower thrust a little (or jettison empty acceleration stage) when reaching 85-100 m/s (not more than 100m/s below 1000m)
3. continue upwards (90deg pitch) to around 8000m and 150-180m/s
4. start turning at around 8500m, do it slowly, so that you don't have more than 70-60deg pitch below 12km-15km or 200-250m/s
5. if you had lowered thrust earlier make sure to be at 100% above 12000m
6. 45deg pitch should be around 20km and 350m/s (roughly - as it depends heavily on craft design, generally less power - stepper initial climb)
7. stop rotation around 30deg and use pitch changes to get 35-50km Apoapsis.
8. at around 50km Ap (while still climbing) burn 0deg pitch until Ap of 70-80km and turn off the engines
9. around 40-20s before Ap, burn to circularize orbit
... suddenly replies, replies everywhere (I'm such a slow poster >_<)
Burn max until you reach about 200m/s. (this is the optimal tradeoff between gravity drag and air resistance)
Then throttle down to about 20%.
Then slowly throttle up while gravity turning towards 90 degrees(in case you want to transfer to a planet further out than Kerbal, if you want to go closer to the sun, pick 270 degrees.
Gravity turning means using gravity to turn the craft from straight up to the horizon.
Then burn prograde until you have an orbit, as you already know.
Try using Mechjeb's ascent autopilot and you'll see that he keeps speed under 100m/s at lower altitudes due to drag i think just for vertical ascent it uses the most efficient way possible.
As LoSboccacc also pointed out you can go to any planet from almost any orbit, when launching 270deg you are burning more fuel to get to orbit since Kerth is rotating.
Also gravity turning does not "use" gravity to turn >_< idk who thought that term was good as it confuses most people. You just use kinetic energy of going upwards to give time to accelerate forward at low drag altitudes, its all simple vector math.