There's a lot of different programs being discussed, and unfortunately the distinctions between them are being blurred.
The main component of Social Security is "OASDI", or Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The big banana is the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI), or retirement, program. Your tax dollars go into a trust fund that buys government bonds. These are "special-issue" bonds, shiny ones that you can't buy, which can be redeemed for cash at any time, with all accrued interest up to that point paid out. The
2011 figures (PDF) show that this program could keep going the way it is until 2036.
Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) will go broke much sooner,
probably 2018. That's soon enough that it's in effect insolvent now. This isn't a problem for two reasons: for right now the "D" bit of "OASDI" is small as a portion of the whole (DI borrows from OASI); and over the medium-term (next twenty years) Disability Insurance will take in much more than it spends and actually delay the insolvency of OASI (see above PDF, OASI borrows from DI).
OASDI has nothing to do with our current budget problems, though in twenty-five years or so we'll hit a brick wall. OASDI is not borrowing from the government. The reverse is true: the OASDI trust funds are in special-issue bonds, convertible for cash at will but bonds nonetheless. The government is borrowing from OASDI.
There's also some discussion of "unemployment" in this thread. That word
does not mean "a check you get from the government when you aren't working". Unemployment insurance is a state program, available only to those who earned eligibility through work, providing short-term benefits to bridge the gap between jobs in good economic times, and extended in recessions when there are no jobs to be found. Unemployment used to be handled by the Social Security Administration, but these days it's entirely administered by the states. It is paid for in part by the same federal payroll taxes that pay for Social Security, but that money is handed over to the states. And unemployment is a
good use of your tax dollars, don't hate on it.
Medicare is aid for the elderly, disabled, and seriously ill. It only applies to medical costs, and covers at most eighty percent of those costs. It's a program of the federal government. Medicaid is medical assistance for low-income people. It's a joint program of the states and the federal government, and all fifty states have it, though it may be provided under a different name. These programs are seeing massively increased costs, for a number of reasons. Bruce Bartlett recently gave a good
nuts-and-bolts summary of the issues. The baby boomers are getting old enough to be eligible for Medicare, the recession has created more working families eligible for Medicaid, health care in general is getting more expensive, and in 2003 the Republicans expanded Medicare without raising taxes or fees to pay for it. And the Affordable Care Act, Obama's health care plan? It will
reduce the deficit, repealing it will
increase the deficit. And the recent Republican plan proposed by Paul Ryan? Yes, it saves money, but by shifting costs onto seniors: they project 25 percent of health-care costs would be paid out-of-pocket by seniors in 2030, but
68 percent under Ryan's plan.So, when you're watching the talking heads on the news, keep this in mind: anyone who says
socialsecuritymedicareandmedicaid in one breath as if they were the same thing is misleading you, and
may have a political agenda in doing so. If they include "unemployment" in that breath, they are moon men, and you should ignore everything they say. I think Paul Krugman puts the emphasis on the right syllable: OASDI insolvency is an easy problem
compared to Medicare and Medicaid.
tl;dr: Social Security is fine. Unemployment insurance is
excellent, and we should provide more of it. And Medicare/Medicaid is a serious problem, which the Republicans have made and continue to make worse, while the Democrats spend every last dollar of political capital to repair it.