I still feel like there are a couple factors you're neglecting here.
- Critical thinking and other basic skills in how to think and learn and judge the world around them, which I think should be taught at as early an age as possible.
- This is far more difficult to quantify, but motivation is a serious problem. What I mean by this is that school has a way of subverting children's intrinsic motivation to learn and progress by supplanting it with extrinsic motivation to get good grades/star stickers/a car from Dad/whatever. This is part of the reason, in my opinion, that children wind up jaded to education or not caring about learning, and why so many people just don't apply themselves.
You want more specifics? The exact ones are something the department of ed should come up with but I"d happlily help them.
Judgment Skills:
1.) Cause and effect, correlation (sometimes when this happens, that results) and causation and degrees of causation (different from correlation)
2.) Understanding stakes and consequences. (Including the consequences of not following rules, both immediate and long term)
3.) The nature of risk (also teaches percentages and estimations here)
4.) Evaluating rules as good or bad, effective or ineffective (with the caveat that you still have to follow it until and unless you manage to pursuade the proper authority to change it. )
5.) Application of rules to specific circumstances
6.) Reaching conclusions based upon that application
7.) Polite disagreement of opinion
8.) compromise and bargaining
9.) Motivation and the nature of reward (compared to risks)
I could go on but it would seriously be a book.... Shall I?
Motivation: Admittedly tougher.
This is a more philosophical discussion rooted in the humanities. It actually does center around the question "what makes me happy." We need to teach kids that material things don't. That $40 tee shirt from the gap won't cut it. Again teach them how to reach this decision and perhaps they will disagree with it but inform them of the consequences of a shallow life if they do....
Even if they are in a blue collar job, explain to them how their bosses will think. The reward will be that you can then influence how that boss thinks. Teach financial skills so that one day they can work less/hopefully not at all and do the things they enjoy.