I tend to build organically - I make space as-needed and where it fits and is convenient, I plan ahead for design features and aesthetic touches when I know about them before I decide to implement them, but I like building this way so that every fortress is different, this however is not very efficient, and I frequently have dwarves running very far our of their way to eat, drink, or sleep.
as for stockpiles - I tend to have a storage area set aside for when stockpiles overflow, but keep the main stockpiles near the workshops they're used by - the only real exception being food stockpiles being nowhere near the farms, I keep them near my dining hall - which tends to be a far walk from the farms.
burial plots tend to go in the mines - rather than having a district built for tombs, I just find old ore-veins, or hollowed-out magnetite clusters, and put the tombs there, if it's for a noble I smooth/engrave a small area around it, build some metal pillars, put a statue, and make the room out of that.
workshop spaces are built in districts, with related shops and stockpiles contained within the districs and added-on wherever I can fit them, or wherever I want to place them at the time, I build them once I have what I need (labour, materials, etc.).