Which brings up a related question: Just how much of their body can a dwarf lose before actually dying?
For starters, we know the loss of a tooth is absolutely anecdotical, and those of the ear and nose can only prove to be dangerous if infected (we'll suppose for now we are dealing with competent doctors with a lot of soap, therefore forgetting the problem of germs; we know that a single infected tiny scar can send absolutely any dwarf back to Armok's side). Also seeing how many cases of eyerot the player base has experienced, we'll include these organs in the list. Need more input on the case of cheeks; I'm nonetheless inclined to believe they can be cleanly ripped off.
We are also very aware dwarfs can and will often survive if their only wound is a neatly chopped off limb, to the point they only occasionally require to rest afterwards. Chopping off one's limb one at a time seems to be the best way to go, while giving them some time to recover from the blood loss between each amputation. Maybe it would also be safer to amputate hands and feet first, and only then the arms and legs, though it would only be necessary if a chopped off arm/leg causes a more important hemorrhage than a chopped off hand/foot (to be verified?). So, as long as these amputations aren't simultaneously done, and separated by enough time for the dwarf to leave their faint/pale status, we can also add legs and arms to the list.
We are also aware that some organs, such as the spleen and liver(!!!), don't actually
do anything. Again, they can be removed as long as one is careful about infections and blood loss. Lungs, however, are as far as we know, necessary for that pesky thing known as "breathing". I'll need some input to know if a single lung can successfully be removed without putting one's health in jeopardy. The heart, similarly, being heavily linked to blood, and therefore Armok, it is an essential organ that cannot be removed. I need more input on the case of the stomach before deciding anything, same goes for guts. I won't mention brains.
Having all witnessed axes/swords slicing through lower bodies like hot butter and causing them to fly away in arcs, causing their owner a certain death, we're mostly certain it absolutely cannot be removed either.
Lastly, many of us heard about the strange case of
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Benjamin Button the soldier who became an absolute monster because a FB disease rotted his skin and sensory nerves away, and he met a competent surgeon
(I told you they existed!) who managed to remove all the skin in time. He went back to duty and became immune to pain. Therefore, we can suppose that in the right circumstances, a dwarf can also live without their skin (and possibly sensory nerves too).
Now, I have no idea how much damage a dwarf can stand
at once before dying. But I'm pretty sure that if one took the time to remove everything I listed and was very lucky about infections, the most infortunate dorf in the world would survive. Also, if someone can give me more information on anything I listed, anything I didn't list, or just plain prove me wrong, they're welcome.
tl;dr:
the list of unneeded meat in a dwarf's body:
-legs
-arms
-teeth
-ears
-eyes
-nose
-spleen
-liver
-skin
-sensory nerves
list of things that are important, really:
-brain
-heart
-lung(s?)
-lower body
uncertain:
-stomach
-guts
-cheeks
-motor nerves
-beard
-one lung?