Lesson 2: Alphabets Part II★☆☆☆☆
In addition to the normal kana, there are modifiers that, when applied to a letter, change the sound.
There are the tenten and maru, and little letters.
The tenten makes the sound more vocal, such as changing て (te) into で (de).
The maru is only ever used to turn the h sound into p, such as は (ha) into ぱ (pa).
| A | I | U | E | O |
G | が | ぎ | ぐ | げ | ご |
| ガ | ギ | グ | ゲ | コ |
Z | ざ | じ | ず | ぜ | ぞ |
| ザ | ジ | ズ | ゼ | ゾ |
D | だ | ぢ | づ | で | ど |
| ダ | ヂ | ヅ | デ | ド |
B | ば | び | ぶ | べ | ぼ |
| バ | ビ | ブ | ベ | ボ |
P | ぱ | ぴ | ぷ | ぺ | ぽ |
| パ | ピ | プ | ペ | ポ |
Again, some of the sounds don't use the same consonant as the others in the group:
じーji
ぢーji
づーzu
Little letters are small versions of つ and the y group.
For most consonant groups, the little letters (with the exception of っ) will add a y consonant to the previous consonant sound.
For example, とうきょう is not pronounced toh-key-oh, as most foreigners will pronounce it, but rather, toh-kyoh.
じ, し, and ち consonants, however, will not have the y added, they will simply have the following vowel sound changed.
For example, おちゃ (tea) and じゃがいも (potato).
| A | U | O |
Ky | きゃ | きゅ | きょ |
| キャ | キィ | キュ |
Gy | ぎゃ | ぎゅ | ぎょ |
| ギャ | ギュ | ギョ |
Sh | しゃ | しゅ | しょ |
| シャ | シュ | ショ |
J | じゃ | じゅ | じょ |
| ジャ | ジュ | ジョ |
Ch | ちゃ | ちゅ | ちょ |
| チャ | チュ | チョ |
Ny | にゃ | にゅ | にょ |
| ニャ | ニュ | ニョ |
Hy | ひゃ | ひゅ | ひょ |
| ヒャ | ヒュ | ヒョ |
By | びゃ | びゅ | びょ |
| ビャ | ビュ | ビョ |
Py | ぴゃ | ぴゅ | ぴょ |
| ピャ | ピュ | ピョ |
My | みゃ | みゅ | みょ |
| ミャ | ミュ | ミョ |
Ry | りゃ | りゅ | りょ |
| リャ | リュ | リョ |
Katakana has a few modified characters not found in hiragana.
| A | I | U | E | O |
V | ヴァ | ヴィ | ヴ | ヴェ | ヴォ |
S | | スィ |
T | | ティ | テゥ |
F | ファ | フィ | フ | フェ | フォ |
W | | ウィ | | ウェ |
There are many more combinations than this, but it is likely you will never need them, or, by the time you do need them, you'll have figured this out on your own.
Little っ is hard to explain.
It's like a glottal stop with added emphasis on the next letter.
Like the hyphen in uh-oh.
With an s as the succeeding consonant, っ becomes a hissing sound.
I'll explain it more in-depth in a lesson with pronunciation.