The Federal Government is too big is our number one problem. I would favor a constitutional amendment that would allow a supermajority (two-thirds) of states to repeal a federal law, in order to enforce the tenth amendment of the Constitution. Right now the federal government is usurping power from the states and from the people in order to increase their own power which isn't want the Framers imagined. Of course if we would have continued to let Senators be elected by the State Legislatures rather than by popular state-wide vote, this probably wouldn't be an issue. A smaller, more limited government would be more efficient at the fewer tasks it did, presuming of course they were legitimate uses of government authority (i.e. enforcing government laws, providing for the common defense, etc.).
The second problem is the national debt. The only way to fix this problem is spending cuts, which means invariably cutting benefits for some group of people. I support a 20% reduction of federal government employees (non-military), getting rid of the dead weight bureaucrats who provide nothing productive to the country. Also eliminating the Union for Federal Employees would be a step in the right direction as the average Federal Employee is compensated better than workers in the private sector. (
Some Sourcing) Also note that sourcing is misleading even as it doesn't consider benefits such as health insurance and retirement savings into the total salary figures so the problem is even worse than it appears.
I would also favor privatizing social security (though allowing those currently retired and 10 years from retirement at the current age limit to continue to receive the benefits they were promised) as the government has proven time and again that they will not put the money paid into Social Security "into a lockbox" but rather merely expand the budget with the money they receive.
I would favor greatly reducing the role of Medicaid and Medicare and instead allowing states to set up individual programs per state, so that the most efficient programs will become evident and be adopted by the majority of states.
All-in-all that would be a great start in reducing the Federal Debt, as well as returning government spending to 2008 levels and freezing the spending at that point for 5 years, which shouldn't be a problem if we eliminate 20% of the federal employees and bring federal employee compensation more in line with their private sector counterparts.
Moving on to a completely different issue, we need to radically change or immigration laws.
Chain Migration is a serious problem and contributes to the problem of illegal immigration as it creates a massive back-log of people trying to enter this nation. Also, though some may not consider this a problem, people are coming into this country faster than can be assimilated and changing the make-up of the national culture (which really, might not be a problem, but it certainly is an unintended effect of chain migration) As such I would favor returning to a system where we accept "X" number of people per year (based on population levels) and then choose who enters based on skills, education, and background (i.e. not a terrorist or criminal) with only a slight preference for people directly related to U.S. Citizens (i.e. a serviceman who married overseas would have his/her spouse and any potential children able to jump ahead in line). Once we adopt this system, we lock down the border and make sure it is much more difficult for people to enter this nation illegally and have actual punishments for people who attempt to do so.
I think that's about all I feel like posting for now, if I feel like it later, I may post more.
Edit: Some clarification