3 quick questions:
How do you improve social awareness ingame? (and/or other methods to up the number of followers)
Does being distracted with respect to your needs actually affect anything?
Is there an easy way to make a place (like a house) where you can leave your stuff where it won't get looted (does this even happen)?
Increasing persuader should increase social awareness. So argue with people about their values! (Pacifier and Negotiator do as well but I don't know if asking someone to yield or cease hostilities counts as either of these skills) Otherwise you can increase follower count by increasing your reputation. Go out and make the world remember you.
Focused-ness, as far as I know, is a sliding scale of positive/negative modifiers from "Not Distracted" to either "Unfettered" or "Badly Distracted." Being "Not Distracted" won't help you or hurt you, being "Unfettered" will make you better at things, being "Badly Distracted" will make you worse at things.
Looting like that doesn't happen, but anything you leave on the ground of an area that isn't explicitly saved by the game will be "lost" upon your leaving. For the time being you can either leave items in Lairs or abandoned player-run Fortresses. Or use DFHack to do some wonky stuff (culminating in building your own house, yes) once it's updated to the current version. In the future building your own house in adventure mode is a planned feature, and probably having stuff stolen from buildings and things like that will be as well. We have thieves at the moment but they're more muggers than anything, since people are for the most part full on communists for now.