The design strategies are endless, so, if you ask 11 people of us this question, you will get at least 15 different answers
One important thing to remember is, that dwarves, if they produce something, they will use the nearest raw material, noit the material for which you need the shortest walking distance...
lets say for example, that a stonecrafter in his workshop has to decide between
a stone, 1 z-level below him, for which he will have to go 10 steps to the next stairs, then 10 steps to ste stone and the whole way back, i.e. 40 steps in total
and another stone, only 3 tiles away on the same z-level as himself, for which he only need to walk 6 steps...
as the first mentioned stone is the nearest stone to him, he will walk to this one, instead of using the 2nd one, which would be much more efficient.
This however is something that reflects my workshop design...
Usually I have my workshops in 4 workshop rooms with a size of 11*11 (11 = distance you cover when you use Shift+Direction key)
and in the z-level directly below them I have storage space for the raw materials needed by them and with a stairwell in the middle of the room, that connects both z-levels.
Often I also have a sorage room for the finished products in the z-level directly above them.
The Design for my food production is similar...
[z-level]:[name]
0: Main Dining Hall
1: Booze Storage
2: Food Storage
3: Kitchen, Fishery Storage
4: Kitchen Storage, Butchers Workshop, Fishery
5: Still, Farmers Workshop
6: Plant Storages for Still and Farmers Workshop
All workshops and their storage areas usually directly next to each other, or, if on different z-levels directly on top of each other and with stairs in the middle of their rooms.
Sometimes with slight alterations, but it is more or less the basic design I use...
and usually for almost all rooms I use the size 11*11 (or multiples of it... my main dining hall as well as its booze and food storage for example has a size of 3*3*11*11 (+2*2*(3*11+2))
my main building block for housing areas is of the same size and uses this area for 32 spacious homes for my dwarves