So...the fort I started in this thread died horribly. Goblin Ambush + Tantrum Spiral which started with a failed Possessed Dwarf. So I started a new fort.
Traps are by far the easiest way to handle goblins. Most of my ambushes are "sprung" when I suddenly notice my cage traps are now cages full of goblins.
You don't have to make your traps line just the halls of your fort, you know, you can actually use the terrain to your advantage - Just find a nice hill, and designate for all the ramps up that hill to be removed - you now have a ledge where goblins can't climb up (but can still shoot bows if they have them), but which is still "outside" and will have trees and bushes.
Basically, build walls or remove ramps to give yourself a "courtyard" while you still need some outside access. The best defense is to simply restrict all access to any of your dwarves to requiring that every invader has to pass through a mass of traps, followed up by some animals on chains to get the kobolds who can avoid the traps.
As for tantrum spirals, the best way to avoid that is to build yourself a legendary dining hall to improve your happiness. Carve out a huge room in whatever decorative shape you want, and then smooth it all. You might want to hold off on actually engraving it until your engraver gets up in ranks, though. Then start making plenty of chairs, tables, and statues, and start filling that dining hall up. Even with crappy non-valued stone, eventually, you will add enough value that your dwarves will be proud to dine in your hall, but if you can snag some native gold or silver for some of those statues, it's even faster. A legendary dining hall will stave off virtually all your happiness issues.
Once of my dwarves is flashing grey. I don't know what that means. Help?
Sorry, you'll need to tell me more about what he's flashing. Is it a down arrow? Look at him with "v", then look at his "w"ounds page, and see if there are any conditions, if not, look at the "z"-status, and look at his thoughts.
I also cannot build Upward staircases using d - u . It won't create the icon at all, and just to be sure, I watched the spot, and no dwarf came to create one. I can make downward staircases (d - j) just fine. Am I missing something?
You can only designate stairs when they are being carved out of natural rock or soil. If you have already cleared the wall out, then you must
construct a stairwell, instead. You have to use "b"uild - "C"onstruction - "u"p stair, and use a stone.