For example, there is some random chance that any planet will be hostile. That chance doesn't seem to change with how far the planet is from your homeworld. That means that human's (who travel on specific paths) can be stuck on their homeworld with their only node connection being to a hostile planet.
Yes, that is the nature of truly random maps. You can turn the random events off or down if you want but planet size/resources/habitability is always randomized. There is a tourney space scenario if you want where everything is exactly equal for all people.
One of the hostile planet types can have the swarm. The best way to kill the swarm is with point defense. The problem is that the technology tree is also random. There is a chance you won't get point defense at all (I think). The worst part is that you don't even know if you will get a technology untill you research all the pre-reqs.
Yes, so you'd have to use a slightly less effective method of killing the swarm... You can still do it. I've taken out swarm colonies before without having PD tech, it just helps. Also phaser PD isn't affected by your chance at getting PD tech so you might roll that one.
I understand and somewhat enjoy the "not sure what comes next" of the tech tree, but it makes getting into the game almost impossible. I've played 10 hours and only just realized that FTL Ecnomics (a huge important technology that enables trade) comes after an unimportant technology I never bothered to research.
Well now you know for next time, I guess? You're complaining that you didn't know important technologies could be further up the tech tree beyond a seemingly unimportant one?
Finally, there is a complete lack of presented information. Some times technologies will give you a new weapon but won't give you the stats on the weapons.
What? Any tech that grants a weapon should have a stat card showing the weapon's stats...
When the wiki is down (and it is regularly) there is almost no way to get information on the game.
Wiki is down because it's being hammered by people who just bought SOTS2. You could always play to figure stuff out, or ask here or whatever.
It seems like you don't like:
1. The random nature of the game.
2. The fact that you don't already know everything about it.
1 is an intentional decision on the dev's part, not a lack of testing. They wanted the game to be different each playthrough. You can turn the random events off if you don't like them, and there are ways to make the tech tree nonrandom as well. I believe you just have to modify some text files. The game was made with multiplayer in mind though, and the randomness keeps it fresh and interesting. You cannot always follow the optimal tech path and you will have to deal with obstacles in your way as you expand due to random encounters/events. This is part of the challenge.
I can help you with 2 but only if you ask questions.