I did some searching, and although there had been quite a few suggestions like this, I didn’t find anything that had been fleshed out properly.
The first part of the suggestion is a reworking of the ethics system. Instead of saying all dwarves believe X, one can select that dwarves’ opinions of X range between A and B. One can also say how important dwarves think such an issue is – once again, between A and B. As well as the current ones, there would be others, including the following:
-Allegiance to local government
-Allegiance to global government
-How much dwarves want intervention in leadership
-How tolerant dwarves are of others
-How willing dwarves are to conform to others
-How important wealth is
-How important skills are
-How quick to anger the dwarf is
Whenever the game creates a dwarf, its individual ethics are also created. These ethics are the dwarves’ beliefs and values. As a dwarf interacts with other dwarves, they influence each other’s ethics – If a dwarf who doesn’t mind torture lives in a society of people who are against it, then he/she starts to dislike torture.
During worldgen, if there are a significant number of people in a place whose ethics are much different to the ethics of the population as a whole, they will have an increased propensity to leave and start a site of their own.
Each dwarf has two kinds of relationship with each other – regular and political. The political one is determined instantly, whereas the regular develops over time. The two develop mostly independent of each other, but someone who has a bad tolerance ethic will have relationships with political opposite turn bad.
This also gives rise to new relationships. Currently, the only negative relationship a dwarf can have with another is a grudge. This should develop further, going from annoyance to dislike to grudge to hatred. If a dwarf is in a bad mood, and has a low tolerance ethic, then if they run into a dwarf they do not like, they may get into a fight. Fights are not very different from tantrums. The dwarves attack each other with whatever is to hand (if they are civilians, usually nothing). It can escalate, though.
Imagine you are dwarf A. Imagine that you walk around the corner and see dwarves B and C fighting. Depending your ethics and relationships with the different dwarves, you would do one of the following:
-leave them alone
-break them up
-start attacking B
-start attacking C
A dwarf’s decision to attack B or C would be dependent on their relationship to B and C. If A hates B, or if A has a very good relationship with C, a would attack B. This could start a fighting spiral that could even spread to the whole fort if it takes place in a public place.
Each dwarf also has a new statistic: political popularity. A dwarf’s popularity points are determined by both their social skills and the ethics of others. Each dwarf contributes popularity points towards other dwarfs – more if the ethics are in accordance with each other, and more if the dwarf being judged has good social skills. Some ethics also have effects – if the dwarf is rich, then their points from dwarves with a high “wealth is important” ethic will be increased. During each election period, the chance of any given dwarf winning the election is their proportion of the total popularity points.
When a dwarf gets into power, the official ethics of the fort will become the ethics of the fort. This is used for relationships with other sites. If the ethics vary greatly with another fort and/or the dwarf in power has a low tolerance ethic, the two forts may go to war.
The dwarf can also impose his ethics on the citizens of the fort he’s in, especially if he has a low tolerance/conformity ethic. This can lead to lots of fun in your fort – If the mayor is strongly against A, and a dwarf is strongly in favour of A, then that dwarf may be thrown in jail or hammered.
The frequency of elections depends on the dwarf’s “intervention in leadership” ethic. If a dwarf has a high value in this ethic, he may arrange for an election after a couple of years. If a dwarf has a particularly low value, he may hold on to the position for decades or even the rest of his life. How long that is depends on how popular he is – If the dwarf’s ethics clash greatly with the fort’s in general, then some less tolerant dwarves will start to hate him, and they may get into a fight (which would be in effect a coup) and kill him, requiring the election of a new leader.