Some of my favorites ...
Margaret Atwood - The Handmaid's Tale
Powerfully written, slightly scifi story. Imagine the most fervent right-wing, bible-bashing lunatic fringe Bible Belters ever ... imagine how such a cult stages a revolution, machineguns Congress, takes over power, and installs a government where laws are based on the Bible.
Suddenly, anyone who was ever divorced finds himself either back in bed with his first spouse, or in a work camp. The protagonist is such a woman - and, worse, she was picked to be a handmaid instead of just being sent to the Mars Mines.
If someone's wife turns out unable to have children, they can request a "handmaid" ... just like in the Bible, where Abraham raped his servant and forced her to bear "his" children ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaid%27s_TaleTim O'Brien, Going after Cacciatto
It's the eve of some major Vietcong offensive, and a yound soldier stands on his tower and daydreams ... slightly hallucinatory; or rather, allegoric?, Vietnam novel where soldiers rush after an AWOL comrade, following him across half the globe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_After_CacciatoArno Schmidt, Leviathan / Schwarze Spiegel; Nobodaddy's Children
This is a very modern author of the German post-war area, but almost completely forgotten. Offers insights not just into the life and mentality of a definitely non-standard German intellectual in and after the Nazi dictatorship:
"Nobodaddy's Children" is about a german father who is disgusted by his son's wishes to join the Hitler Youth, aghast at his wife's still believing in the "final victory", and who retreats more and more into his historical studies ...
Leviathan/Schwarze Spiegel is among my all time favorites: The short story Leviathan describes how a small group of refugees attempts to leave Berlin while the Russians are invading, with the main protagonist an utter cynic; Schwarze Spiegel describes how the last survivor of the nuclear and biological war travels through Europe, scrounging for food, reading dead people's mail and blasphemously insulting the Leviathan who made all that reality.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Schmidt[Some of his books are on amazon.com]
One of my all-time favorites though no one seems to know how to pronounce the name: Carl Hiaasen. ... my only gripe is that by now I know all the books, and unlike Pratchett this one doesn't have an army of ghost writers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiaasenTotally whacko, but in a good way:
a) Tim Robbins, "Half asleep in frog pajamas" / "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" / "Skinny legs and all"
b) If you're into psychedelic 1200-page-novels with undead nazis, illuminati, magic mushrooms and submarines: Robert Anton Wilson, "Illuminatus Trilogy"
c) I used to read Hunter Thompson and Charles Bukowski a lot but, erm, be becomes a bit too much after 100 pages or so.
d) John Fowles: Mantissa.
The novel starts with a guy locked in a grey room ... promptly Mantissa, the Muse in charge of Novels, appears, scolds the author for that plump metaphor. The book unfolds, so does the relationship between the Muse and the writer. Or, the author is making love to his muse, and in a way that novel is a result of this relationship ... great fun even if it is somewhat mindboggling.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_FowlesPS @lemon: Wasn't that a fan fiction novel based on someone else's IP? Man, if this was now, they'd sue tha so-called prophet for copyright infringement.
OK, so I've met people who believe in that book; or how saving chickens in Europa improves the kosmic karma so donations to rabid vegan freaks really prevents african babies from starving; I've even met people who thought the road to personal enlightenment led via a strange asian Moon cult where people get married to random strangers en masse ... I just wish they'd all stop proselytizing. :-)