Even further experimentation confirms that the overpressure water placement prefers western tiles, and then north.
I constructed three fountains connected to a common pressure reservoir. Each was an equal distance from the fill pipe, so I know it's not a matter of being near or far from the source. The westernmost fountain released all of the water even though all three fountains were filled and the water itself had uniform pressure. Not only that, said westernmost fountain released most of its water on the west side of itself. This contradicts the stated mechanics of the overpressure system, which is supposed to pick random tiles around the banks of a pressurized body of water and then 'teleport' pressurized water to their edges. Instead, the random placement of water tiles mimics creature path finding.
Expanding the lip of the fountain by one tile provided a space inefficient but effective solution to the 'syrup overflow'. The fountains no longer shed water. However, any possible adjustments should be made so that water behaves a bit more... watery. (Seriously, it flows very, very slowly even with the frame rate being high, and also while under pressure.) Overpressure tile placement should attempt to be as random as possible; were it not for spillover from that fountain eventually soaking the top of the whole building, my dwarfs could have fished out of the other two pressurized heads.
Edit:
Turns out it does still shed water, just not nearly as bad as previous designs.