Oh dear. Lots of questions... let's see what I can manage.
In the text files, there's an ENG tag or something. The translation goes in there. The text files themselves mention it... honestly, I haven't fiddled with that much.
To put things in a container, 'o'pen the container, then press 7 or 9 to swap from the 'take' to the 'put' menu. This works with a lot of different screens, too. It works on the companions' inventory screens, your character sheet, even the politics board in the towns (there is a screen with town laws, but it's untranslated... would be nice to know what it says).
When you ask a pet to wait at the town, I'm pretty sure they go to the 'stable'. Talk to the pet resurrection guy to get them back.
The 'charcoal', 'yelling madman', etc. are materials. Press 'm' to view them. They're used for skills like jewelry, carpentry, etc.
Heirship deeds -are- for your children. When you make a 'child' character, all the objects in the 'parent's inventory (and I assume whatever you put in the heirloom chest manually) get put in the kid's heirloom chest in their house (near the refrigerator). Heirship deeds let you take a certain number of objects from that chest. It's nice, since it lets you get artifacts and stuff from your old character on your new one. As near as I can tell, unblessed ones give one or two heirlooms from the chest, and blessed ones do two or three.