Specifically on Ukraine (not trying to single it out though, every modern nation-state is a fabrication); the observations of a British diplomat in the Ukraine in 1912, quoted in Bini Adamczacks Beziehungsweise Revolution:
"when one asks the average peasant farmer in the Ukraine about his nationality, he will answer, he is "Greek-Orthodox"; when one pushes him to say whether he is a Russian, a Pole, or a Ukrainian, he will answer, he is a farmer; and when one demands to find out which language he speaks, he will say that he speaks "the language from around here". ... i.e. when one wants to find out which state he would like to belong to – whether he would rather be governed by an pan-Russian or a specifically Ukrainian government – one will find out, that in his opinion, all governments are a plague on the land, and it would be best, if the "Christian peasant-folk" were left to themselves.
I would argue that things have changed a lot since the Holodymor.
Yes and especially after the birth of the modern Ukrainian nation-state (in the 90s, though the first attempt at creating it was after ww1, 1917, and ideas of Ukrainian nationhood go back to the period of romanticism and national revival in the 18th-19th centuries), consciousness of the Holodomor was fostered by the state (after being suppressed by Soviet authorities since the moment it happened). I will say that cultural differences
are real, Ukrainians really do speak a different language from Russians, they have meaningfully different cultures, but the discreteness of these differences (as opposed to a smooth gradient between cultures) is largely an artifact of the state (and modern technology)
creating those differences through shared schooling, shared cultural products, etc. Without mass state-sponsored education for instance, nationalism would not take root so easily.
I'm paraphrasing Rudolf Rocker; the nation is not the cause, but the result of the state. It is the state that creates the nation which is the artificial result of the struggle for political power, just as nationalism has never been anything but the political religion of the modern state. It's why I think ordinary Russians and ordinary Ukrainians have much more in common with each other, not in some creepy imperialist Putinist pseudo-historical nationalist myth way, but in that there's a transnational capitalist class in charge of everything, starting bullshit wars based on made-up nationalist bullshit that splits up and pits the mass of people against itself, and they need to be 'done-away-with' as a social class if we want to survive as a species, let alone different cultures. In Minecraft of course.
"Nationalism was so perfectly suited to its double task, the domestication of workers and the despoliation of aliens, that it appealed to everyone — everyone, that is, who wielded or aspired to wield a portion of capital. [...] Languages, religions and customs became welding materials for the construction of nation-states.
The welding materials were means, not ends. The purpose of the national entities was not to develop languages, religions or customs, but to develop national economies, to turn the countryfolk into workers and soldiers, to turn the motherland into mines and factories, to turn dynastic estates into capitalist enterprises. Without the capital, there could be no munitions or supplies, no national army, no nation."