Қазақстан is closer to "Kazakstan" I think.
Maybe, maybe not. Depending on how much I express my (local) vernacular, it could be nearer 'ch'-words than '(c)k' ones. But that's still me repeating the 'English' version. Think of "Moscow". English: "Moss-Coe"; US:"Moss-Cow" but neither actually matches "Moskva" anyway...
Let's look it up.
It commonly represents the voiceless velar fricative /x/, similar to the pronunciation of ⟨ch⟩ in “loch”.. Based upon my rather limited knowledge of Dutch (a.k.a. "English spoken through a bad cold"
) and more specifically the pronunciation of van Goch's name (/vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/ - it neither rhymes with "loch" or "go", though the latter seems doubly wrong), I wouldn't have been surprised to see "Kazaghstan".
(Also note that it says: "Kha is romanised as ⟨kh⟩ for Russian, Ukrainian, Mongolian, and Tajik, and as ⟨ch⟩ for Belarusian, while being romanised as ⟨h⟩ for Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian,
and Kazakh." So right now, as part of my personal Russian sanctions/apparent Қазақ stand-offishness, I'll start using "Kazahstan", with possible further derussifications later once I've checked out all the other letters.)
I'm not (particularly) a lingual prescriptivist, when it comes to loanwords and loan-names that I have no control over, so I say let the Netherlanders choose their own conventions. (And the Deutsch choose his, or is he a German/Allemand/Tysker/Nemec/Prus/...
)
I liked that research too much. Seemed a shame to waste it.