I usually put down a few temporary workshops outdoors while the 2 miners create a small entrance hallway, trade depot space, a long hallway that will eventually become the guard area, dig down a few levels, a short hallway with spaces for doors at both ends, then dig up for the farms. That keeps the inside and outside separated. After that, I start digging down to find the magma sea (hopefully also finding metal and caverns on the way down), so I can plan out how far apart workshops and living spaces can be without having the forges be unreasonably far away (usually about 5 levels between each level I actually use for workshops/bedrooms/whatever). The exploratory stairway takes a break about every ten levels so I can add another space for doors/walls in case areas need to be quarantined.
By the end of the first year, I have crops, a trade depot, a few bedrooms, and temporary indoor workshops. I try to dig out cubicles with doors for workshops before dwarves start trying to make artifacts, and a nice dining room before they start getting upset about that. Once I have "enough" doors, tables, and chairs, I start having the mason make chests and cabinets for bedrooms and the hospital. The hospital usually gets built just in time for my now-rusty surgeon to attempt to save lives after getting the fortress attacked by whatever, with a well if I didn't already remember one. Bedrooms are likewise expanded sometime after I get too many migrants.
The miners mostly retire after 2 years, so they get some kind of crafting as a secondary skill or get chucked into the military. Until then, I've got them on almost-constant projects.
I can get a fortress up and running pretty quickly, but I don't usually start with more than one military dwarf. Werebeasts attacking early is very bad. Most dwarves who have redundant skills (only need 2 of most things, zero or fewer fisherdwarves) get drafted, which means I have a functional civilian fortress complete when I have a mostly-novice army and a few pieces of armor.