(I thought I'd replied to this thread two days ago and gone on to mention various ways of ceilinging some walls. Looks like I misposted/cancelled or something. Here's a quick and shortened version.)
From outside the walls you want to roof, any (temporary) stair access works for me. Then build floors over the gap and the walls, to avoid diagonal-Z ingress/egress that you might not want. Or bridge(s), perhaps.
But to roof over from the inside, perhaps because you fear too much unturtling and exposing your dorfs to the outside environment, I need to plan the roof to consist of at least two bridges in part (if not the whole roof).
First of all, apart from the internal (temporary) stairwell to the height of the top wall-layer, I do without temporary scaffolding by building walls (per level) starting at the far side from the sole stairway, or at the point between any pair/multiple access stairs. Once that wall-column tile (or a pair of adjacent walls, accessed from each difection at once) is built, set to build the next-neighbouring two walls. Continue until you only need to build the wall adjacent to the stairway access(es).
But, for the final height of wall, don't seal up the last gap at first (and possibly do this when the "wall ends" are still away from the last access point. Put two ramps up, adjacent to the wall you are building in place of the wall you will (later) build there. This gives two accesses to the ultimate wall-tops upon which you want to build your roofing.
Whatever else you do, in flooring or bridging, the aim now is to build a bridge that forms a roof that lays over one of the ramp accesses, using the second ramp for access to build it. Also link it (and any other bridge-rooves you have been able to build, if you wish) to a lever down wherever you would normally put such a lever. Once linked, pull lever to open this first-ramp bridge cover, and now use the first-ramp access to send your work-dorfs up to build the bridge that will now obscure the second ramp (or you can deconstruct the second-ramp and reconstruct wall-tiles back as far as you can, straight away).
You now also have the option to lever-link the second-bridge. Same lever, if you want (a handy full-roof skylight-opener/closer, later on, should that be somethinfg you can make use of, such as where the building you're constructing contains a potential source of miasma unless you keep it open whenever there's no threat of enemies topping the walls by flight or athleticism). When the bridge is finished and (if you're doing it this way) the first of the linking mechanisms has been installed, make sure everybody is off of the finished roof, down the first ramp, then pull the lever, closing bridge-1 over the ramp-1 position, before or after you remove ramp-1 and start to complete the wall's full circuit at the highest wall level.
You end up with a wall, covered to the edge (or further, if you're adding overhanging eaves for additional anti-climber duty) with a roof, all constructed from the inside without a troublesome stairwell poking up through the roof (the final down-stair at roof level could be disconnected from below/blocked by a replacement wall-column or topped by a hatch that you lock, but there are different problems with each of these).
You can, of course, combine a couple of separate 'ledge' ramp-stopping/wall-topping bridges with (from the access you can grant by closing and reopening both ramp-cover bridges) a further sloping-roof design. Depends on the look you want to give it. Though if you're arching the roof higher, with outside ramps, a 'dorma' extension with a doorway (1x1 raising drawbridge being a switchable destroyer-proof doorway blocker, filling the gap with wall or (for the look of the thing) a window being other options) that leads from the permanent/temporary internal stairway access to the lowest lip of the roof, the rest of the access being up the slopes you build as part of the roof.
Depends on what look you're going for, and what practical functionality you need. It's easy to plan, when you know what you're doing, but I'm wondering whether I should have provided example plans/diagrams, just to clarify my wordy verbal descriptions.