Sieges and Territorial Control
To push a Front, you need 50% more Territorial Control than your opponent. As seen in Year 301, the 1st Front saw the League raise 710 TC to the Hive's 309, or 227.5% of their opponent's score. This was enough to push the Front back to Menotos. The 2nd Front saw the Hive raise 659 TC to the League's 130, so they pushed their Front to Dromio.
Every unit exerts some Territorial Control; by default, this is a TC of 1. Forts provide both a flat bonus to TC as well as a percentage bonus to all units stationed in the Fort.
Level 1 Forts (Redoubts, Palisades): 200 Fortification, 10% increase to defender TC.
Level 2 Forts (Walls): 500 Fortification, 20% increase to defender TC.
Level 3 Forts (Keeps): 1200 Fortification, 30% increase to defender TC.
Unless you have siege units, Fortification adds a flat bonus to defender TC. For example, if the 2nd Front's armies were to remain the same next turn (which they won't because reinforcement), the Hive would exert 659 TC, while the League would exert 656 TC, or 130 * 120% (156) + 500 from the Walls. This would mean the Hive has barely over 100% of the League's TC, stalling their advance.
Siege units such as ballistae directly reduce flat Fortification bonuses. They do not reduce the multiplicative bonus to TC that forts provide. e.g. If the Hive got hold of ballistae, it wouldn't matter whether they fielded 20 ballistae or 100, they could only knock down Dromio's Fortification bonus by 500; the 20% bonus to TC for the defenders would always hold regardless, representing unchanging terrain conditions that help them out even if you knock all the walls down.