Well, a standard nuke is only going to render the area uninhabitable for a short period, extended considerably if it detonated on the ground. On the other hand, if you encase it in, say, large amounts of Cobalt-59, you get a pretty big area covered in something radioactive enough to pose a threat to anybody near it, with a long enough half-life to remain dangerous for decades.
Nukes designed to enhance fallout can produce things that leave someplace very inhospitable for a very long time, a-la Fallout, but conventional nuclear weapons are usually designed to avoid that, so they just leave a pile of low-level stuff, interspersed with a few immensely unfriendly things that decay to harmlessness within weeks.
Again, lots of things change if they detonate on the ground. Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were airbursts, with the majority of the neutron pulse not interacting with anything other than the bomb casing. If that pulse messes with a large mass of stuff, you have major problems with isotope-ified materials for a long time, and produce massive quantities of fallout.
Edit: Nuclear meltdowns, like Chernobyl, are something of a middle ground, with quantities of radioactive materials produced being far higher than airburst nukes, but less than a ground-burst. Usually nastier sorts of waste, though.