I decided to do some testing with the adventure mode character creation screen and compile as thorough a list as I could of needs, and the values and traits that determine them. My thanks to Abli Brimstyled for being so patient while I tinker with his brain.
Socialize
Increased by being gregarious
Fulfilled by talking with people
Be creative
Increased by artistic inclinations
Fulfilled by performing, creating artwork. Possibly by crafting objects?
Acquire object
Increased by being greedy
Eat good meal
Increased by being intemperate
Might be fulfilled by eating a favored food?
Cause trouble
Increased by opposing harmony or enjoying discord
Seems to be fulfilled by starting arguments or fights
Be extravagant
Increased by extravagance
Fulfilled by putting on high quality or expensive clothing
Help somebody
Increased by being altruistic
Stay occupied
Increased by valuing hard work or being active
Seems to be fulfilled by most activities
Excitement
Increased by seeking excitement
Fulfilled by being in combat; possibly sparring or any danger
Drink alcohol
Increased by being intemperate
Fulfilled by consuming drink items
Fight
Increased by enjoying fighting
Fulfilled by being in fights; possibly sparring?
Argue
Increased by being quarrelsome (low friendliness)
Fulfilled by being in an argument
Learn something
Increased by valuing knowledge or being curious
Think abstractly
Increased by enjoying abstraction
Fulfilled by composing, other methods?
Be with family
Increased by valuing family
Be with friends
Increased by valuing friendship
Hear eloquence
Increased by valuing eloquence
Uphold tradition
Increased by valuing tradition
Admire art
Increased by valuing artwork
Fulfilled by performing; possibly observing a performance
Self-examination
Increased by valuing introspection
Make merry
Increased by valuing merriment
Fulfilled by tavern activities?
Craft object
Increased by valuing craftsmanship
Fulfilled by making items
Martial training
Increased by valuing martial prowess
Fulfilled by increasing combat skills?
Practice skill
Increased by valuing skill
Fulfilled by increasing any skill?
Take it easy
Increased by valuing leisure time
Make romance
Increased by valuing romance
See animal
Increased by valuing nature
Fulfilled by close proximity to an animal; tame seems to be valid
Wander
Increased by valuing nature
Possibly fulfilled by spending time outside?
See great beast
Increased by valuing nature AND seeking excitement
Pray to (chosen god)
Increased by religion
Fulfilled by talking to your god in adventure mode; prayer and possibly other worship activities in fortress mode
No apparent effect on needs
Values: law, loyalty, power, truth, cunning, fairness, decorum, cooperation, independence, stoicism, self-control, tranquility, sacrifice, competition, perseverance, commerce, peace
Traits: love, hate, envy, cheer, sadness, anger, anxiety, lust, stress, stubbornness, wastefulness, politeness, following advice, bravery, confidence, vanity, ambition, gratitude, humor, vengeful, pride, cruelty, focus, hope, shame, privacy, perfectionism, close-mindedness, tolerance, emotional connection, emotional influence, duty, deliberation, order, trust, assertiveness, fancy
With careful tuning, you can build a character with no emotional needs at all. There may be other needs caused by other combinations of traits that I missed; if anyone's seen more, I'd like to know. I'm also curious about any research that's been done on fulfilling the less obvious ones.