I haven't done egg-laying citizens, but I've tamed egg-laying intelligent critters, so I have some experience.
There's a DFHack plugin that shows you whether or not eggs are fertilized. I highly recommend this.
I'm not sure whether your eggs will require fertilization by a spouse - the sapient egg-layers I had were all in 0.34.11, before the fertilization mechanic overhaul. They didn't need to be married, but they weren't the primary fortress race either.
You probably want to mod your race to have inedible eggs. The default AI has no qualms about cooking up eggs of intelligent species, and I suspect that they wouldn't have any problems eating the eggs of their own species, either. Also, if eggs aren't edible, they won't be gathered from nest boxes unless you explicitly dump them - win win.
The greatest causes of egg abandonment in my experience have been hunger and thirst; but this is with tamed animal people, which ignore beds and bedroom zones, so for an egg-laying fortress race you'd have to deal with sleep too. Remember that once the mother leaves the nest, it's over, even if the eggs are fertilized, so you really need to lock down movement.
I'd recommend 2x1 cells with doors that you can lock as soon as you notice the nest box has been claimed. Make the nest box square a water source zone, and make the other square a pool of (preferably clean) water. If you set up the pool for automatic refill from above, remember to use a grate so that your mother won't be able to climb out. That'll take care of thirst (pool of water is only source of drink available) and sleep (mother can't path to a designated area, so will sleep in place).
Food is going to be tricky. You can't just give her a food stockpile, as dwarves move to the food source to grab it, which will kill your eggs. And it's not safe to drop food onto the nestbox square periodically, because dropped objects can be quite deadly. I'd say your options are either to mod the female caste NO_EAT, or frequently check up on the mothers so you can let them out when they get near to starving.