I just tested this out and it works really well.
The trick is, instead of connecting a channel directly to a river, you can build an aquaduct to act much like a floodgate would. So if you build the channel exactly like you want it, except for the last square which should contain the aquaduct, the miners will never be drowned and you won't have to waste any time fiddling around putting people in the right spaces.
If a troll or something destroys it, then it would be easy enough to build a new one. On the other hand, I'm not entirely sure if it can safely be removed. One time I tried to remove a second one built next to a first one, to see if it would flood the area like a second floodgate, which caused a permaflood.
There's also the "bugginess" of aquaducts mentioned on the wiki--it says that 3 tiles on either end must be build on dry land. That's not too hard, usually you can move the channels around a little bit outdoors because there's plenty of room, and it might have been what caused my flood.
When using the strategy of suspending the construction and restarting it, then drafting the dwarf to ensure movement away from the channel, pausing all the while and being very careful about advancing the game, sometimes a dwarf will be caught in the channel's water regardless.
I'm really starting to think that I should just dig straight into the mountain to make a floodgate channel from the cave river, then placing a door in between the outside river and the channel, and them maybe a bridge at some area inside of the cliff so I can build cage traps and things, but that is quite a bit of unnecessary work for a simple barrier or a method for trapping animals.
Thoughts?