1) Create workshop of type interested in (craftshop easiest, due to large amount of stone)
2) Set skill level on workshop to max at, say, 'Skilled'; or assign single peasant to only use that workshop
3) Que up repeat job in workshop for skill; to prevent tons of hauling jobs, disable any stockpiles for the output
4) Disable hauling jobs for dwarf/dwarves in question
5) Wait
6) Check back and find your dwarf at increasingly useful levels of skill
Repeat for more workshops for more dwarves. To maximize skills for single dwarf, use the 'only single dwarf can use this workshop' option (q->P)
Stonecrafting is easiest (tons of stone). Metalcrafting/Metalsmithing/Forging works if you have a ton of fuel or magma. If you do metal, make something that melts back into equal or more of that metal (instruments, leggings, trap components, gauntlets, buckets), unless you have a metric asston of metal. Instruments work great for trade goods. If you use metal, set up a stockpile to only take masterwork items, for trade (don't melt those! makes dwarves unhappy).
Doing this for jewelers is a major pain in the ass, because they tend to run out of gems. If you use dfhack, use the workflow plugin, then use gui/workshop-job (defaults to Alt-A), and set material to 'any material'. This will make Urist McGemCutter gut ANY gem available to him; no need to que up a bunch of different jobs. dfhack can be a little buggy sometimes, so you may want to disable and re-enable the entire plugin ('workflow disable' and 'workflow enable') from time to time. You can also use workshop-job to make gem setters sit around and endlessly apply gems to furniture or goods. Workflow management on gemshops is a whole article by itself....
If you want a skilled Clothesmaker or Leathermaker, you'd better have a good textile industry for raw source; or trade your metal instruments (from above) for every piece of cloth and leather you can get from caravans. This works pretty well and keeps you from ever running out of clothing for dwarves. It also lets you produce a ton of leather cloaks and shields for military dwarves (6 cloaks per dwarf!).
Rock crafts are low value, but if you make enough, you can trade them to caravans for the whole caravan. Make 'crafts', because you get three per 1 rock, and they're light. Don't forget to enable bins, or your dwarves will spend forever hauling them to the trade depot.