I haven't yet tried to set up a school as fast as possible; I suppose a smaller version could be running by the end of second year with some planning. In my forts I tend to take things slower and have a working classroom only around year five or so.
Here's what I've found working so far:
- I always embark with a dedicated military/teacher dwarf. He/she will be paired with a recruit from the first migration wave and the sparring duo will provide Observation training for the children while I build the first training facilities.
- Building spears, assembling spear traps and installing mechanisms is the most time-consuming part that can easily take years to complete, depending on how ambitious the planned classroom will be. It would be a good thing to get that started as soon as possible. Everything else, food and textile industry, individual bedrooms etc., can be built up in the meantime.
- Uristloads of wood will be required. A woodland embark is highly recommended, and elves be damned. Anything that hinders wood collection (like zombies in my current fort) will slow things down greatly. Buying wood from caravans will help.
- My starting food strategy relies on underground crops and turkeys, supplemented by caravan-bought animals. Usually that's not important; no matter what I do there tends to be a mountain of booze and roasts by the end of the second year. A lot of students can be supported by a very small food industry.
- I don't usually bother with textile industry in the beginning. I just order maximum amount of leather from the caravan and use it for everything except socks. After that I'll expand to pig tail farming, supplemented by various shearable animals and/or cave spider silk. Clothes production will have somewhat lower priority after everyone has enough cloaks, hoods and mittens.
All in all, I don't suppose starting a child care fort is that much different from an ordinary one; only that there's a constant spear and mechanism production and installation running in the background for a long time. Dedicating few useless immigrants to carpentry and mechanics work could work. The logistics of a typical fort can easily spare some workers after sufficient adult workforce has migrated in.