So doing a little testing on body sizes with DFHack
Raw Value*Change Perc -> Game Value
100,000,000*1 -> 10,000,000
200,000,000*1 -> 20,000,000
220,000,000*1 -> 22,000,000
230,000,000*1 -> 1
300,000,000*1 -> 1
100,000,000*2 -> 20,000,000
200,000,000*2 -> 1
300,000,000*3 -> 4,100,654
1,000,000,000*.1 -> 10,000,000
2,000,000,000*1 -> 14,100,654
For these tests I removed the BODY_APPEARANCE_MODIFIER tokens since it was possible to have a creature with 200,000,000*1 -> 1.
Now something that is interesting, these caps seem to be put in place at the time of the raw reading. I was able to change a creature size with DFHack to much higher numbers (didn't go higher than 2,147,483,648) without getting a round over to 1 or the "attack passes through" message. The first thing I noticed is that the butchering results go up, so that was sign of success.
My next test involved pitting one huge dwarf (multiplied in game size by 10,000) against 10 normal dwarves. The huge dwarf started by punching a couple of the normal dwarves and propelling them back about 10 spaces. He quickly finished off about half of them but then because exhausted and over-exerted. Passing out several times. But the normal dwarves were only able to break his fingers and toes, bruise his fat, and dent him. Eventually he recovered enough to finish off the remaining dwarves.
Next, the same huge dwarf (full of bruises and broken fingers) went up against 5 cyclops. He quickly dispatched all five, knocking two of them several tiles and causing them to die by colliding with a wall.
Finally the same dwarf was set up against a bronze colossus, that fight was going on for about 10 minutes until the dwarf eventually bleed to death.
More testing should be done if sizes above the "raw cap" actually have a major effect on combat or not. They definitely have an effect on butchering products.