Enable refuse gathering/dumping (o r o) and disable web collection (o W w if I recall correctly).
Nominate a broker (typically the one dwarf you assigned a point of Appraiser to). Nominate a chief medic if you gave someone medical skills. Nominate a bookkeeper and a manager (often the same dwarf) and give them a 3x3 office with a door, a table, and a chair once you've dug far enough down to make offices. Set the bookkeeper to medium, which takes like half a second to achieve. (Highest bookkeeping takes forever.)
Make wheelbarrows. Dig a 5x5 room in stone for the first mason's shop. In the center 3x3 build the mason's shop out of one of the stones. While that's in progress, designate the outer ring of the 5x5 room as a stone stockpile, assign two wheelbarrows, and disable all stone types until the wheelbarrows get there. Once the wheelbarrows are there, allow the stockpile to accept one type of stone (whatever is the most common at the moment, or whichever layer stone the shop is built in). The dwarves will fill up the stockpile with stones using the wheelbarrows. Have the stockpile give to the mason's shop. Once the mason's shop is built, have it build stone blocks (just once or twice). Once that's done, tear down the mason's shop, rebuild it using a stone block instead of a boulder, and re-assign the stockpile to give to the new mason's shop.
Make more wheelbarrows. Always have extras, because you'll want a couple for every stone stockpile, of which you'll probably have several.