Alright I spent a couple hours designing this in notepad. Hopefully it will work. I have a region save with an embark that has both a volcano and river on it, so I just need to funnel magma and water to the right Z-levels to set this up. It's a bit complicated but hopefully I won't need to use impulse ramps to do this.
This design focuses mostly on just generating magma mist. If the enemy is standing on the one tile in front of the entry door at just the right time they could get smacked with the minecart, but the mist is what's going to do most of the damage I think. I think I also might use upright spear traps to create a "dodge-me" trap on the exit path where they could dodge into a pit that has an exit back outside, forcing them to walk back through the magma mist trap if they dodge into the pit.
A ramp down should add almost 5000 speed to the minecart. A roller and 4 ramps down should take it to just under 70,000 speed, which I'm hoping is enough to skip it across two magma tiles. I put a roller on every Z level to make sure that the cart stays at maximum possible speed.
This will be the most complicated thing I've ever made in DF, assuming I can pull it off.
Magma Mist Trap
*** Collapsed View ***
█.█ . is a floor
█.█ ╤ is a roller (set to highest speed)
█.█ ▼▲ are ramps
╔╤═~═~═▼═▼═▼═▼╗ ╗╝═╚╔ are minecart tracks
║ █D█ ║ D is a door (set to forbid passage)
║ █<█ ║ < is a stairs up
║ ███ ║ █ is a wall
╚▲═╤▲═╤▲═╤▲═╤═╝ ~ is a channel with 7/7 magma
*** 2 Z-Level Below Trap ***
☼ ☼ is a gear assembly
│ │ is a horizontal axle
│
│
│
☼─☼──☼──☼──☼
│
│
(to waterwheel)
*** 1 Z-Level Below Trap ***
(to magma source)
~
~ ~ is 7/7 magma
█~█ █ is a wall
█~███ o is a vertical axle
o█~~~█
█████
o o o o
*** Z-Level of Magma Mist Trap ***
(entrance)
.
█.█ ~ is a channel with 7/7 magma beneath
█.█ < is a stairs up
█.█
╔╤═~═~═▲
║ █D█
║ █<█
║ ███
╚▲█o o o o
*** 1 Z-Level Above Trap ***
▼═▲
█████████████ > is a stairs down
█>............. (exit path)
█████████████
▼═╤▲█o o o
*** 2 Z-Levels Above Trap ***
▼═▲
▼═╤▲█o o
*** 3 Z-Levels Above Trap ***
▼═▲
▼═╤▲█o
*** 4 Z-Levels Above Trap ***
▼╗
║
║
███D█
▼═╤═╝█
█.████ δ is a lever (controls door)
.δ
.
(maintenance access)