Welcome to an exercise in utter pointlessness: an experiment to determine how a bridge is determined to be of a certain material. Why bridges, you may ask? Well, I chose bridges because they are a variable size construction that is considered to be of one type of material even if multiple materials go into it.
The only possible useful data I can see coming from this is for those people who want all of their bridges to be listed as being of a relatively rare resource, allowing them to maximize efficiency.
A few terms I use in these experiments:
Dominant: the material that is considered the primary material, a.k.a. the material the bridge is listed as.
(number)-type: the number of different materials in the experiment.
Experiment 1: What stone is considered dominant in a 3x3 two-type bridge?
Hypothesis: The more common bridge material will be used as the dominant one.
Test one: two andesite, one shale
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Test two: One andesite, two shale
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Test three: two shale, one slate
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Test four: one shale, two slate
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Conclusion: Looking at the raw definitions, it appears that shale is listed earlier in the raws then either of the other two, leading to the conclusion that being listed earlier in the raws is what determines the result.
To confirm this, I performed another two tests, using mudstone, which is listed one entry above shale, and of course shale.
Test five: two shale, one mudstone
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Test six: one shale, two mudstone
Result: Rough Shale Bridge
Conclusion: The previous conclusion was wrong. Raw placement seems not to be as large of a factor as I thought. New hypothesis: it is related to density, as shale is the least dense of the any tested material. It seems a stretch, but...
Test seven: one andesite (density 2430), two slate (density 2750)
Result: Rough Slate Bridge
Test eight: two andesite, one slate
Result: Rough Slate Bridge
Conclusion: ...okay not that either. Umm...
On the suggestion of other forumites, I decided to test the idea that order of item spawning mattered. Sure enough, what order the item was created in was THE deciding factor. The oldest item determined the identity of the bridge.
On a similar note, a bridge with even one boulder in it was considered a "Rough [material] bridge". However, a metal/stone block hybrid bridge was simply a "[material] bridge". There is no such thing as a "smooth [material] bridge". Even a bridge made out of pure blocks.