The only profession of mine I'd like to highlight is the Outdoorsdwarf. Woodcutting, herbalism, and beekeeping. They also serve in the military - as axedwarves, for obvious reasons.
Except where stated otherwise, all of my dwarves have Cleaning, Feed Patients/Prisoners, Recover Wounded, and any professions they're Legendary in enabled. (I use burrows and alerts to keep them away until the coast is clear - no rescues from the jaws of death!). I also give everyone Weaponsmithing and Armorsmithing until they've gotten a small amount of XP, and keep a Dabbling-Novice smithy tuned to create silver ammunition and copper low boots on repeat.
Full listing:
Adamantor - Strand Extraction
Architect - Building Design
Asher - Lye Making, Potash Making, Soap Making, Wood Burning
Brewer - Brewing
Butcher - Butchery, Tanning
Carpenter - Carpentry, Crossbow-making, Siege Engineering
Craftsdwarf - Bone carving, Stonecrafting, Wax working, Woodcrafting
Devastator - Hauler, Siege Operator
Dyer - Dying, Milling
Engineer - Mechanic
Engraver - Stone Detailing
Farmer's Helper - Cheese Making, Milking, Plant Processing, Pressing, Shearing, Spinning
Gardener - Growing
Glassblower - Glassmaking
Husbander - Animal Training
Jeweler - Gem Cutting, Gem Setting
Leatherer - Leatherworking
Mason - Masonry
Medidwarf - All medical labors they're skilled at, plus one they're not skilled at (for training).
Off Duty - None at all. Used for miserable dwarves and dwarves on selective breeding duty.
Outdoorsdwarf - Woodcutting, Herbalism, Beekeeping.
Pensioner - All hauling labors, with Recovering Wounded and Feed Patients disabled. Pensioners have first priority when assigning an unskilled worker to take a job that doesn't require going outside or being fast.
Potter - Glazing, Pottery
Smelter - Furnace Operating
Smith - All smithing labors they're skilled at, plus one they're not skilled at (for training). Quality-sensitive jobs are assigned manually to a furnace with a Legendary requirement for use.
Tailor - Weaving, Clothesmaking
Tunneler - Mining
Useless - None. Used for ghosts, night creatures, etc. which show up in Therapist but aren't under my control.
Marksdwarf, Soldier, Trainee - All hauling labors, Pump Operating.
I generally avoid fishing because of its high death rates, and hunting because I'd rather leave animals alive so I can catch them in cage traps.