I'm thinking that a golem should require blocks as a first material, and that any block is usable, like tetrahedrite blocks and such. The limitations imposed by the selected material would apply, like melting points -- a dolomite golem could wade into magma, which might be handy.
I don't think that dwarven ethics would agree with sentient sacrifices, so I can't see that being a requirement.
I don't think golems could go insane, as they are insentient and soulless. Can zombies go insane? Nope, neither should golems, as they are constructs. I think they should simply go inert if something should happen to the creator, and if the creator goes insane, than it could act out it's insanity through it's golem.
The tasks that a golem can perform should mimic the tasks assigned to the creator, so that if you want a mining golem, you first have to enable the mining skill in the creator, assign a mining task, and wait and see if the creator goes to do it, in which case the golem would do it too, so it would be like having two dwarves doing the work. I don't think the golem should require tools though, it's bare fists should be sufficient. The material of the golem would determine what kind of tasks it could perform, so that wooden golems might not be able to mine, for instance, but still haul and do other things.
Likewise, a soldier golem would require a creator to be drafted into a unit and sent to war. The golem would follow the creator into combat and fight at his/her side, and if the creator falls in combat, the golem goes inert. If the golem is felled, then the creator will experience bad thoughts, and may enrage to avenge his creation.
Inert golems could be stored in piles, and a different creator could then animate it -- this way golems could be traded between different users. The process of animating a golem should be a very long process at first, as the skill level would be low, but as experience is gained, it could become almost instantaneous at legendary skill levels. Multiple golems could be activated by a single creator, so that a mining job for instance could be a snap.
Golems could be created at a new workshop called a "Manufactory" where golems and perhaps other constructs -- such as a Frankenstein monster -- could be assembled and used. Assembling a golem would also be a time consuming process, and may require several restarts as errors in production may occur. Restarts would require new blocks, and the old block would be gone. Errors will produce unhappy thoughts in golem assemblers, so care would have to be taken lest they tantrum -- and a creator with golems in a tantrum would be fearsome.