My usual entrance is conceptually like this:
FORTRESS <=> BARRACKS <=> trap corridor <=> OUTER ROOM <=> drawbridge <=> OUTSIDE
Attackers come in and blunt themselves on the traps, then reach the barracks where the fight starts. Then I push all the troops up to station them in the OUTER ROOM to absorb the rest of the attack and guard against further attacks as the haulers and mechanics swoop in behind them to clear things up. When they're done the troops go back to the barracks.
The bonus is that the haulers and mechanics are never out in front of the military. Maybe burrows could create something better, I don't know how to use them well.
My current fort consists of two entrances. One is a long corridor filled with cage traps, with an outer drawbridge so that the tunnel can be sealed and the traps reloaded in the middle of a siege. The other entrance contains the trade depot, with separately linked drawbridges.
I may switch to this separate entrance thing; I'm tired of caravans getting ambushed. So the caravans go to a depot inside an airlock, like you say, such that there's never an open path that way into the fortress.
I guess the other entrance would be an always-open one for foot traffic that connects to the surface by tunnels that branch and break the surface at points near the edges of the map. The idea is that ambushers will route down into these tunnels to get the open entrance and hopefully stay out of the way of the caravans. Migrants might be in some trouble... maybe I throw open the airlock or a third shortcut entrance, so that they can make a run for it.