1. No.
2. No - especially "no". Even if you mod women to be 10x the size of a man, the breastplates will not be "large" or "small" and will fit any dwarf.
3. Yes - You can leave out a gender entirely, though descriptors will then be "it". Toady also introduced the [STERILE] tag to add to vampires via interaction, I think that should also apply to castes to forbid breeding while allowing gender-specific pronouns. I've not seen any reports on this, though it looks solid.
4. No - the manipulation of life is something modders have been after for quite a while. Although, apparently vermin can be used. I'm... not sure what would happen if you built with one, chances are that it doesn't accept the option and just crashes with error.
5. No, though you can cause artificial clutter or call for intermediate steps using the [AUTOMATIC] tag. For example, take one boulder, produce boulder2, have an automatic reaction that takes boulder2 and produces boulder3. Another automatic reaction takes boulder3 and produces a brick. This takes 4x longer than a single reaction, though it can cause workshop weirdness it should all occur automatically and require no new job assignments.
6. No, unfortunately.
7. No, this is something we've wanted for a while.
8. No.
9. You forgot 9.
10. No, another thing modders have wanted for a while.
11. They should be, but for the life of me I can't remember. Either way, very easy to mod in, especially utilize the new [EXTRA_BUTCHER_OBJECT] tokens. Observe ostrich raws for an example.
12. Kitchen can be modded, I do believe. Prepared meals cannot, however. They take "any food" really. Though, you can add a flag to intestines, similar to marble, dolomite, and chalk. [REACTION_CLASS:INTESTINES] and then in the reaction, you call for "1 CLASS:INTESTINES" and "1 food item" or however you want to do it. Be careful, you might end up with sausages being stuffed with other sausages (thus destroying food), and the "name" will be the first item used. If your dwarf uses ostrich intestines and pig meat, it can change. If you call for intestines first, you get "ostrich sausage" but if you call for meat first, you get "pig sausage".
13. Mountains have no soil (or negligible amounts) so you might have logistical problems with that.
14. Not my area, sorry - though I will say that it
appears to count by body part. Glove slot doesn't interact with the upper body slot at all, even if they overlap body parts it's still different slots.
15. Coverage determines the approximate chance that a strike will hit the armor instead of striking flesh. Armorlevel, I'm not sure, I think that only applies to stacking armor atop armor.
16. You can't through traditional means, but you can make a custom reaction that takes logs and produces shoes/boots.
17. I believe it gets stored - see: hospital uses partial bars.
18. That's tricky... I think they all will eventually. Though you can cheat by adding a stone type that doesn't occur anywhere, name it "bone" and make a reaction that takes "turkey bone" (bone) and produces "bone" (stone). Only issue is that it won't keep the creature's material tag, so you can't have "turkey bone boulder" but if you're using it for construction it might not matter much anyways. Either way, experience with the display case mod has shown that if a material in construction rots, the workshop deconstructs and the surviving pieces are left intact.
19.
www.lmgtfy.com/?q=flux+stone+metallurgy20. This, friend dwarf, is the holy grail of modding goals. As yet we are unable to produce life in the workshop, and I believe Toady intentionally keeps this methodology hidden for fear - rightly so - of the things we shall do. HOWEVER, you can now use materials with syndromes to cause transformations. While it doesn't make new life, you can take one life into another life. Observe: Masterworks mod has a method of turning dwarves into golems. I'm not sure, but you MIGHT be able to apply this to vermin - vermin can be requested in a reaction and a boiling stone may be applied as a product, transforming the vermin into something else. Radical idea, really, but worth looking into. If done right, you might be able to produce a vermin which is named "accelerant flesh" that doesn't occur in nature but you can buy from caravans, utilizing this vermin as a catalyst to create different life forms.
I look forward to your debauchery into the undead and the dark arts. Your inquiries show a resoundingly hopeful amount of unhinged desires.