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[Bohandas]

I'd like cities to have a shop where I can, for a nominal fee, exchange foreign civs' coins for the current civ's, exchange copper coins for their value in gold or silver coins (or vice-versa), and/or securely store items indefinitely.

[MrWiggles]

Banks started to exist during the 1400. So, thats cool.

Did banks handle personal storage though?

[martinuzz]

As for the present definition of 'a bank', you are quite right.
Banking is way older than that though.
Excerpt from wikipedia, on the history of banking:

The first banks were probably the religious temples   of the ancient world, and were probably established in the third   millennium BC. Banks probably predated the invention of money. Deposits   initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle,   agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold,   in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces   were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended   and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent   to would-be thieves. There are extant records of loans from the second century BC in Babylon that were made by temple priests/monks to merchants.

[MrWiggles]

Though the interlude was quote neat, I think the OP meant Bank as in the modern usage.

[scout890]

still It might be useful for the things you don't want on the floor of that cave that was until recently occupied by a terror of the night and filled with corpses

[zwei]

Banks started to exist during the 1400. So, thats cool.

Did banks handle personal storage though?

Medieval banks were a "I have this well protected room, for a fee, you can store your valuables there" business of people who had to make such security arangements anyway (mainly jewelcrafters/goldsmiths but also church and even nobility).

There was not much difference between money and other stuff as bright idea of lending/investing stored money (and thus bias towards storing currency rather than junk) came later.

[Sunken]

One of Jesus' parables mentions banks (giving interest) so it's at least that old.