I never use the scheduled orders.
I don't really have a military either. More like, every single civilian is also military.
I put all dwarves in squads. The miners/woodcutters go in one squad, other dwarves go in other squads. If you use hunters, not sure if they can be put in a squad, they probably can as well as long as you do not assign any items in the equipment screen. (for some reason I never use hunters)
I manage training manually by periodically setting a squad to active so they go spar instead of do individual combat drills.
When I want my miners/woodcutters to train, the only thing that needs doing is turn off their mining / woodcutting labour, then they're good to go.
Just don't assign any armor or weapon to the miners/woodcutters if you want don't want them to run around in circles picking up and dropping equipment.
Also, no food or drinks for them.
When you want your miners/woodcutters to mine and fell trees, while assigned to a squad, you need to make sure that they have no assigned barracks. Only assign them a barracks when you want them to train, and their conflicting labours are turned off
All other dwarves can be assigned armor just fine. Drinks too. Civilians will still happily use their ration flasks. No food, because it creates the problem mentioned by PatrikLundell.