I had a surface tower constructed entirely of wood -- the structure was 6 floors tall, with a dimension of 7x7, a staircase on each corner and an off-center staircase toward the south-center. I decided I would extend the tower so that it continued in a subterranean fashion, and decided to shift the off-center staircase to the central tile.
I started with a miner digging a staircase straight down, with a down staircase at surface level, and then up/down stairs all the way down to the lowest z-level of my map where I terminated with an up staircase. While my miner was doing this, I ordered one of my carpenters to build an up staircase on the same tile the down staircase occupied. The dwarves were happily using the up stairs to reach the second floor of the tower after I added the corresponding staircase upstairs.
I went off to manage some other issues, when I got a notice that my miner had died of thirst.
Long story short: It appears my miner was trapped underground because the up staircase constructed by my carpenter prevented my miner from using the up staircase to leave.
I figure this is some sort of bug related to having an up staircase and a down staircase on the same tile, as opposed to a up/down staircase. I know that normally one cannot build one staircase of each type on the same tile, but in this case, one was mined out, and the other constructed.
An interesting side note -- I removed the constructed staircase and the mined out down-staircase was still there, and was then usable again.