I'm having the same problem with the same version of the Linux Dwarf Fortress build under Gentoo linux. Sound has been fine on all pre 0.31 linux Dwarf Fortresses, the windows versions when run via wine, and at all 0.31 versions up to and including 0.31.08. I never tested .09 due to its issue with pets and trade caravans.
The compiled binary for 0.31.10 is missing many linked libraries ( ie, as shown via 'ldd' ) compared to past versions of the same binary, so it appears to not be a client-side glitch but something that went awry during the compiling and linking, or a consequence of modifications to the audio handling of 0.31.09 and hence also .10 mentioned in the changelogs.
To be exact, the following are linked libraries with references present in Dwarf Fortress 0.31.06 and .08 binaries, but not in .10, almost all of these are audio related (with the exception of libncurses):
libFLAC.so.8 => /usr/lib32/libFLAC.so.8 (0xf6440000)
libncursesw.so.5 => /lib32/libncursesw.so.5 (0xf6aa0000)
libogg.so.0 => /usr/lib32/libogg.so.0 (0xf6315000)
libopenal.so.1 => /usr/lib32/libopenal.so.1 (0xf6be1000)
libsndfile.so.1 => /usr/lib32/libsndfile.so.1 (0xf6b7a000)
libvorbis.so.0 => /usr/lib32/libvorbis.so.0 (0xf631d000)
libvorbisenc.so.2 => /usr/lib32/libvorbisenc.so.2 (0xf6346000)
TLDR - the linux df 0.31.10 binary has a lot of audio handling code removed from it. On the plus side, audio isnt essential and you can get around this by playing youtubed' df vids to get that nice immersive oh-crap-is-that-the-sun-rising dwarfy music we all know and love back again.