The mental atts, as of the fixes for 0.31.11 (some of these are weird in part because only 3 mental atts can influence a roll, so there are holes, and there are probably dumb choices): A lot of these will only effect duration, when that is the only available skill effect to begin with, but they are factored into outcomes when it applies.
analytical ability skills: animal care, trapping, cheesemaker, cook, smelter, extract strand, cut gem, siege craft, siege operate, mechanics, architecture, diagnose, appraisal, organization, record keeping, knowledge acquisition, knapping
focus skills: fishing, ranged combat, siege operate, sneak, surgery, bone setting, suturing, record keeping, knowledge acquisition, concentration, observer
willpower skills: mining, woodcutting, melee combat, crutch walking, pump operating, swimming, concentration
willpower directly resists exertion/pain effects
creativity skills: all crafts, trapping, cheesemaking, cook, architecture, organization, lying, comedy
intuition skills: animal training, judging intent, appraisal, observer, diagnose
patience skills: animal training, fishing, concentration, some non-skill tasks
memory skills: animal care, herbalism, diagnose, appraisal, record keeping, knowledge acquisition
linguistic ability skills: persuasion, negotiation, lying, intimidation, conversation, comedy, flattery, console, pacify, leadership, teaching
spatial sense skills: mining, wood cutting, crafts, trapping, combat skills, siege operate, sneak, architecture, wound dresssing, surgery, bone setting, suturing, crutch walking, swimming, observer, knapping
musicality skills: nothing yet
kinesthetic sense skills: most skills involving any movement at all (lots of them), non-skilled tasks as well
empathy skills: animal training, animal care, dress wounds, persuasion, negotiation, judging intent, conversation, flattery, console, pacify, leadership, teaching
social awareness skills: persuasion, negotiation, judging intent, organization, lying, conversation, flattery, console, pacify, leadership, teaching
These are the mental attributes and what trains them/what they affect.
http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=60554.msg1413312#msg1413312 Toady's post.
EDIT: Also,
-Strength affects melee damage, encumberance from carried weight, maximum weight capacity, and increases muscle mass which (very slightly) increases survivability and reduces speed (at roughy an inverse rate from agility.
-Agility reduces the number of frames that it takes a dwarf to take an action (whether crafting, mining or moving).
-Toughness affects survivability and the dwarves' ability to survive injuries. (I'd like more specifics here if anyone has them).