I've done a couple of forts where I've dug out multiple z-levels for tree farms. Unfortunately, I keep abandoning and doing fresh starts because of new releases, or getting bored. I also haven't kept rigorous records, since I wasn't trying to do science on the trees. But I
have seen a couple of times where the sapling grew up into adult trees. I've seen it happen in chambers ranging from 2-4 levels deep, but never in single z-level chambers.
I'm
pretty sure I've seen it happen in a chamber where the bottom level was a soil level with a rock level directly below it, so you don't need a full level of dirt for roots. That make sense, since trees grow in caverns with rock directly below. But I'm not 100% sure, so don't bet your fort on it and then get mad at me if it doesn't work.
The earliest I can recall seeing multi-level trees in a tree farm was about three and a half years after the embark, which would have been about 3 years after getting the chamber dug out. I need to do a fort where I record when the chamber is dug, and maybe even record (using notes) when individual saplings are first spotted, just to confirm the timing.
Also note that many underground trees never seem to give more than 1 log, no matter how big they are. I've observed this in natural trees in caverns, as well as my farm-grown trees. It seems to be species-specific, but I haven't kept track of which ones only give one log and which ones give better output. It would be worth knowing, so you can cut the bad trees as soon as they go multi-level, while possibly letting the good species grow more to see if more time would give more wood output. Some data on how much wood a tree gives at various ages would be nice to have.
That's about all I can think of that I've observed. I'm sorry that it's so imprecise, but I haven't really tried to make a study of this yet, I've just noticed stuff as I was doing other things.
Keith